importance of dna a level biology essay

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Top Mark A-Level Biology essay - The importance of DNA in science and technology

Subject: Biology

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Unit of work

Last updated

26 September 2018

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Top Mark A-Level Biology essay addressing the title: The importance of DNA in science and technology

• Holistic introduction
• DNA structure and stability
• Natural selection
• Epigenetics
• Inappropriate gene expression
• Genome sequencing
• Future therapeutic uses
• Genetic screening
• DNA fingerprinting
• Genetic engineering
• Transgenic modification

Contains information from beyond the A-Level syllabus. Examples are structured in a clear and logical format.

Useful for revision for this specific topic and to see a sample structure of a high grade essay.

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Top mark A-Level Biology Essays

A collection of high mark, sample essays for A-Level Biology, providing helpful revision content and examples of logical structuring. New Specification! Includes essays on the titles: - The Importance of movement in living organisms - Explain the importance of shapes fitting together in cells and organisms - Carbon dioxide may affect organisms directly or indirectly. - How is energy transferred within and between organisms - Explain the importance of shapes fitting together in cells and organisms - Different types of relationships and interactions between organisms - The membranes of different types of cells are involved in many different functions - The importance of DNA in science and technology Save over 70%!

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The importance of bonds and bonding in organisms.

DNA is one of the nucleic acids, information-containing molecules in the cell (ribonucleic acid, or RNA, is the other nucleic acid). DNA is found in the nucleus of every human cell. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar (deoxyribose) bound on one side to a phosphate group and bound on the other side to a nitrogenous base. The nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds and the complementary bases are joined by weak hydrogen bonds forming the double helix. The weak hydrogen bonds are significant as it can be broken down by a helicase enzyme to form a template strand for the production of mRNA. Free RNA nucleotides joined their complementary base on the strand. RNA polymerase synthesises the mRNA strand forming phosphodiester bonds between ribose sugars and phosphate groups which is important as this is required for making proteins. Bonding is important in ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Energy is stored in the bonds joining phosphate groups. The energy in ATP molecules is stored within the phosphoanhydride bonds (high energy between the three phosphate groups. In order to release this energy, the bond must be broken. The phosphate bonds are broken by hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of ATP forms ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and an inorganic phosphate group (Pi). This hydrolysis is catalysed by the enzyme ATP hydrolase.

Lipids have many uses such as energy storage, protection, insulation, buoyancy, biological membranes and more. Triglycerides are lipids consisting of one glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid molecules. The bonds between the molecules are covalent and are called Ester bonds. They are formed during a condensation reaction. Triglycerides are hydrophobic and so insoluble in water. The charges are evenly distributed around the molecule so hydrogen bonds to not form with water molecules. Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated. A fatty acid is saturated if every possible bond is made with a Hydrogen atom, such that there exist no C=C bonds. Saturated fatty acids on the other hand do contain C=C bonds. Obviously monounsaturated fatty acids have one C=C bond, and polyunsaturated have more than one C=C bond.

All carbohydrates are formed from the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). Bonded to the carbon atoms are a number of – H and – OH groups. Different positions of these groups on the carbon chain are responsible for different properties of the molecules. A condensation reaction means that as two carbohydrate molecules bond together a water molecule is produced. The link formed between the two glucose molecules is known as a glycosidic bond. A glycosidic bond can also be broken down to release separate monomer units. Instead of water being given off, a water molecule is needed to break each glycosidic bond. This is called hydrolysis because water is needed to split up the bigger molecule. Polysaccharides consist of monomer units linked by the glycosidic bond. However, instead of just two monomer units they can have many. Chains of these ‘sugar’ units are known as polymers. These larger molecules have important structural and storage roles.

• Multiple Choice

Module : Biology

University : exeter college, exeter.

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