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Class 7 Science Chapter 7 | Soil | Extra Questions

by Manjusha · Published June 30, 2021 · Updated April 26, 2022

Here are expected questions from NCERT Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil.

1. What provides anchorage to the plants and supplies water and nutrients?

2. What are the uses of soil?

Soil is useful in many ways. Some of them are:
It provides anchorage to the plants and supplies water and nutrients.
It is the home for many organisms.
Soil is essential for agriculture. Agriculture provides food, clothing and shelter for all. Without soil life on earth is impossible.

3. Polythene bags and plastics pollute the soil and kill the organisms in the soil. True/false

4. Explain the layers of soil with the help of an experiment.

Take a little soil. Break the clumps with the hand and powder it. Now take a glass tumbler and fill three fourth of the tumbler with water. Add a handful of soil to the water and stir it well until it dissolves in the water, now wait for some time and leave the soil dissolved water undisturbed. Now we can see layers of particles of different sizes in the glass tumbler. We can also see some dead rotting leaves or animal remains floating on the water. The rotting dead matter in the soil is called the humus. The vertical that we can see now in the glass tumbler is called the soil profile. Each layer differs in texture, colour, depth and chemical composition.

5. What is weathering?

The soil is formed by the breaking of the rocks by the action of wind, waves, and climate. This process is called weathering.

6. What is soil profile?

A vertical section through different layers of the soil is called the soil profile.

7. What are horizons?

Each layer of the soil differs in feel, colour, depth and chemical composition. These layers are known as horizons.

8. Explain soil profile in detail?

The soil is divided into 4 layers. They are:

A horizon: The upper most layer of the soil is called the A horizon or top soil. The upper most horizon is generally dark in colour as it is rich in humus and minerals. The humus makes the soil fertile and provides nutrients to the growing plants. This layer is generally soft, porous and can retain more water. It provides shelter for many organisms like worms, moles, rodents and so on. The roots of small plants are embedded entirely in the top soil.

B horizon: The layer under the top soil is called the B-horizon or the middle layer. It has a relatively less amount of humus than the top soil but it has more minerals. This layer is generally harder and more compact.

C horizon: It is situated under the middle layer and it is the third layer. It is made up of small lumps of rocks with cracks and crevices.

Bed rock: It is situated under the C horizon. It is so hard and difficult to dig with a spade. It consists of many big hard rocks.

9. A horizon is also known as …………………………..

10. B horizon is also known as ………………………..

middle layer

11. Under the C horizon which layer is situated ………………………………

12. Which layer is dark in colour and rich in humus?

13. Which layer has more minerals in it?

14. The layer which has big rocks in it and is very hard to dig with a spade.

15. The nature of any soil does not depend upon the rocks from which it has been formed and the type of vegetation that grows in it. True/false

16. The relative amount of sand and clay depends upon the rock from which the particles were formed, that is the ………………………………..

parent rock

17. What is soil?

The mixture of rock particles and humus is called the soil.

18. The soil is classified on the basis of the proportion of particles of various sizes. True/false

19. What is sandy soil?

Soil that contains a greater proportion of big particles is called sandy soil.

20. What is clayey soil?

If the proportion of fine particles in the soil is relatively higher, it called clayey soil.

21. What is loamy soil?

Soil that has the same proportion of large and fine particles is called loamy soil.

22. What are the three types of soil?

Sandy soil, clayey soil and loamy soil

23. Why is sandy soil light and well aerated?

Sand particles are large and cannot fit close together, so there are large spaces between them. These spaces are filled with air. Hence, sandy soil is light and well aerated.

24. Why is clayey soil heavier than sandy soil?

The particles of clayey soil are smaller and pack closely together. Hence, there is little space for air in clayey soil. At the same time, clayey soil retains water in the tiny gaps between the particles of clay. So, clayey soil is heavier and hold more water than sandy soil.

25. The best soil for growing plants is ……………………………..

26. Loamy soil is a mixture of ……………………………, ………………………. and ……………………….

sand, clay and silt

27. What type of soil is suitable for growing wheat and gram?

Clayey and loamy soil

28. Which soil is used for the cultivation of rice?

Clayey soil

29. Which soil is suitable for growing cotton?

Sandy-loam or loam soil is suitable for growing cotton.

30. The rate of percolation is highest in …………………………. soil and lowest in ………………………… soil.

sandy, clayey

31. What is erosion?

The removal of top soil by water, wind or rice is known as erosion.

32. How deforestation causes soil erosion?

The roots of plants firmly bind the soil and prevents it from getting eroded. If there are no trees, the soil gets removed easily. Soil erosion is severe in areas with little or no vegetation. By planting more trees soil erosion can be prevented to a great extent.

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August 26, 2020

by Manjusha · Published August 26, 2020 · Last modified May 15, 2024

Soil Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9

Soil Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Important Questions and Answers are provided here. We prepared these extra questions based on the latest NCERT Class 7 Science Book. These important questions will help you to properly understand a particular concept of the chapter. Practicing class 7 important questions before the exam will help you to get excellent marks in the exam.

Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil Important Questions

Very short answer type question.

1: Name an important natural resource that supports growth of plants.

Answer: Soil.

2: Name major soil pollutants.

Answer: Polythene bags, plastics, waste products, chemicals and pesticides.

3: Waste products and chemicals should be treated before they are released into the soil. True/False.

Answer: True.

4: Define humus.

Answer: The rotting dead matter in soil is called humus.

5: What do you mean by soil profile?

Answer: A vertical section through different layers of the soil is called the soil profile.

6: What is soil?

Answer: Soil is the crust part of the earth. It is mainly the mixture of rock particles and humus.

7: Name the process by which soil is formed.

Answer: Weathering

8: Each layer of soil differs in feel (texture), colour, depth and _______________.

Answer: Chemical composition.

9: Loamy soil also contains humus, and is, therefore, considered the best for the growth of plants. True/ False

Answer: True

10: Name the soil with highest water absorption rate.

Answer: Sandy soil.

11: Name the soil having very less space between particles.

Answer: Clayey soil

12: Clay soils are heavy and hold more _______________.

Answer: Water

13: Ram has to grow wheat crop in his field, what kind of soil he will prefer?

1: Name some places with severe soil erosion.

Answer: Areas of little or no surface vegetation, such as deserts and barren lands.

17: Classify soil on the basis of appearance and properties of particles.

Answer: Sandy soil, Clay soil and Loamy soil

18: State one property of sandy soil.

Answer: Sandy soils are light, well aerated and dry.

19: State one property of loamy soil.

Answer: It is a mixture of sand, soil and silt. And also contain humus.

20: State one property of clayey soil.

Answer: It is made of a relatively high proportion of fine particles.

21: What is deforestation?

Answer: Clearing or Removal of forests or stands of trees.

24: Name the soil horizon which contains humus.

Answer: A- Horizon

25: Upper layer of soil is ___________ in colour.

Answer: Dark

26: Middle layer of soil contains less amount of _________________.

Answer: Humus

27: Why is uppermost layer of soil, dark in colour?

Answer: Because it is rich in humus and minerals.

28: Suggest an alternative of chemical fertilizer.

Answer: Manures

29: Does Acid rain cause soil pollution or not?

Answer: Yes

31: Plastics and poly bags should get mixed in soil. True/False

Answer: False

32: Humus is important for soil fertility. True/False

33: If the amount of large and fine particles is about the same, then soil is called _____________.

Answer: Loamy

34: What is bedrock?

Answer: After the C- horizon, there lies bedrock which is hard and difficult to dig with a spade.

35: Name the layer of soil having lesser amount of humus but more of minerals.

Answer: B- horizon.

36: What kind of soil is used for making matkas and toys?

Answer: Clay soil

37: Give the formulae for percolation rate.

Answer: Percolation rate= amount of water (mL)/ Percolation time (min)

Short Answer Type Questions

1: Explain soil and factors affecting soil.

Answer: Soil is the crust part of the earth. It is mainly the mixture of rock particles and humus. Wind, rainfall, temperature, light and humidity are the factors which affect the soil profile and bring changes in the soil structure

2: Define the following: (a) Soil profile (b) Horizon

Answer: (a) A vertical section through different layers of the soil is called the soil profile.

(b) Each layer of soil differs in feel (texture), colour, depth and chemical composition. These layers are called horizons.

3: Why is top soil known as the habitat of many living organisms?

Answer: Soil is the habitat for many living organisms, like bacteria, fungi, protozoan and earthworms as it contains large amounts of nutrients. Therefore top soil is called the habitat of many living organisms.

4: Why Upper most layers in a soil profile are considered as most productive?

Answer: In the soil profile, Horizon – A, also known as Topsoil is best suited for the plant growth. As we know that availability of nutrients and water in soil helps to determine the productivity of soil. Top soil is rich in humus minerals along with water. Thus, Top soil is considered as more productive.

5: What is the similarity between physical and chemical weathering.

Answer: They both reduce the size of a rock body.

6: State the factors on which nature of soil depends?

Answer: The nature of any soil depends upon the rocks from which it has been formed and the type of vegetation that grows in it.

7: Classify soil on the basis of the proportion of particles of various sizes.

Answer:

If soil contains greater proportion of big particles it is called sandy soil.
If the proportion of fine particles is relatively higher, then it is called clayey soil.
If the amount of large and fine particles is about the same, then the soil is called loamy.

Thus, the soil can be classified as sandy, clayey and loamy

8: Plants help the development of the soil. How?

Answer: The plants attract animals, and when the animals die, their bodies decay. Decaying matter makes the soil thick and rich. This continues until the soil is fully formed. The soil then supports many different plants.

9: Why loamy soil is known as best for growing plants?

Answer: The loamy soil has large amount of humus mixed in it. It has the right water holding capacity for the growth of plants. So loamy soil is known as best for growing plants.

10: Explain silt

Answer: Silt is the soil present as deposits in riverbeds. It is formed by the weathering of rocks in the mountains and flows into the rivers. It is a component of loamy soil which is considered most suitable for growth of plants.

11: Explain the factors that help us to determine the various types of vegetation and crops that might grow in any region.

Answer: The factors that help us to determine the various types of vegetation and crops that might grow in any region are type of climate and component of soil.

12: What are the causes of soil erosion?

Answer: Soil erosion is mainly caused by rain, wind, flooding, overgrazing, and deforestation. Erosion of soil is more severe in areas of little or no surface vegetation, such as desert or bare lands

13: Explain red and yellow soil.

Answer: Red and yellow soils are found in areas, which receive low rainfall. They contain huge concentration of iron oxides that are responsible for giving the reddish or yellow colour.

14: Differentiate between laterite soil and black soil.

15: List some measure to prevent soil pollution.

Answer: Minimise use of chemical fertilizers, use manures in place of that Industrial waste should be treated before release Avoid use polythene and plastics

Long Answer Type Questions

1: Soil is one of the most important natural resources. Explain

Answer: Soil is one of the most important natural resources because

It supports the growth of plants by holding the roots firmly and supplying water and nutrients.
It is the home for many organisms.
Soil is essential for agriculture. Agriculture provides food, clothing and shelter for all.
Soil is thus an inseparable part of our life.

2: Describe the different layers in soil profile.

Answer: Different layers of the soil are referred to as horizons.

The uppermost layer, the top soil, also known as A-horizon is generally dark in colour and fertile as it is rich in humus and minerals. This layer is generally soft, porous and can retain more water. This provides shelter for many living organisms such as worms, rodents, moles and beetles. The roots of small plants are embedded entirely in the topsoil.
The next layer, middle layer called B-horizon has a lesser amount of humus but more of minerals. This layer is generally harder and more compact.
The third layer is the C-horizon which is made up of small lumps of rocks with cracks and crevices.
Below this layer is the bedrock, which is hard and difficult to dig with a spade. Water can be held in the tiny gaps.

3: Explain humus and its importance.

Answer: A non-living organic matter formed from remains of dead and decay plants and animal by the activity of microorganism present in soil. Humus controls and regulates many soil functions, as well as plant growth. The better the humus content in the soil the healthier and more productive soil will be. Good humus count in soil will hold soil moisture longer, thus lesser water is required for crop production, also god humus count reduces wind erosion of soil.

4: What is physical weathering?

Answer: Physical weathering is the breakdown of rock into smaller particles due to factors such as freezing and thawing, release of pressure, water absorption, salt crystal formation, land mass uplift, expansion and contraction from the sun or fire, plant root growth, actions of animals, abrasion, or other means that do not directly affect the rock’s chemistry. It is also called mechanical weathering.

5: What is chemical weathering?

Answer: Chemical weathering is the dissolution, carbonation, oxidation, or hydrolysis of rock and mineral by chemical means only, mostly from reactions with water or the acids contained in rainwater. Other materials are formed in the process. Warm, tropical climates are ideal environments for chemical weathering to take place as the chemical reactions are quickened by the bountiful rain and warm temperatures.

6: Soil particles size is an important factor to determine the property of soil. Explain.

Answer: Different particles of soil have different sizes which affect its properties like:

Sand particles are quite large and having large spaces between them. These spaces are filled with air. Water can drain quickly through these spaces. So, sandy soils tend to be light, well aerated and rather dry.
Clay particles, being much smaller, pack tightly together, leaving little space for air. So, clay soils have little air. But they are heavy as they hold more water than the sandy soils.
Loamy soil is a mixture of sand, clay and another type of soil particle known as silt. The size of the silt particles is between those of sand and clay. The loamy soil also has humus in it. It has the good water holding capacity for the growth of plants.

7: Define (a) loamy soil (b) sandy soil

Answer: (a) Loamy soil is a mixture of sand, clay and another type of soil particle known as silt. The size of the silt particles is between those of sand and clay. The loamy soil also has humus in it. It has the good water holding capacity for the growth of plants

(b) If soil contains greater proportion of big particles it is called sandy soil.in sandy soil Sand particles are quite large and having large spaces between them. These spaces are filled with air. Water can drain quickly through these spaces. So, sandy soils tend to be light, well aerated and rather dry.

8: What is percolation of water? How it is different for different types of soil?

Answer: The gravity flow of groundwater through the pore spaces in rock or soil is called percolation of water. The rate of absorption is different for different types of soils. This phenomenon of absorption of water by soil is termed as percolation. Percolation rate of water is different in different types of soil. It is highest in the sandy soil and least in the clayey soil. The rate of absorption of a soil depends on its composition. Percolation rate= amount of water (mL)/ Percolation time (min)

9: State the main agents of weathering.

Answer: The main agents of weathering are:

Temperature: Temperature changes that cause the rock surface to break apart
Frost: Ice expands and produces pressure, causing the crevices in rock to open
Air: Wind blow across rock surface and carry minute particle and form layer
Water: – Continuous movement of rain water causes breaking down of rock particles into fine particles
Living organism: – Lichen grow on the surface of rocks and produce acid which corrode the rocky surface. Weathering by living organism is called biological weathering.

10: State some ways to prevent soil erosion.

Answer: There are many ways to prevent soil erosion

By planting more trees and increasing the vegetation cover.
By prevented Cutting of trees and deforestation and taking efforts to increase the green areas.
By maintaining soil in its natural condition by using less manure or by crop rotation
By arranging proper irrigation

11: Differentiate between alluvial soil and mountain soil.

Answer: Alluvial Soils are mainly found in the plains of northern India. These soils have low phosphorous and nitrogen content and found in the north western regions of the country but Mountain soils are considered as a significant variety of soil in the Himalayan region of the country. They are mainly found in dry and cold district in the northern region of India.

12: Differentiate between clayey soil and sandy soil.

Answer: Laterite soil is found in those regions which receive heavy rainfall. This soil is poor in lime content and hence it is more acidic. This soil contains least moisture content. It is basically red in colour because of the presence of iron oxides. It is more popular in the coastal regions of Ratnagiri District and Malabar. But Black Soil is black in colour due to presence of salt and large amount of humus. This soil becomes sticky when is wet. It does not contain adequate nitrogen but it contains sufficient phosphorous required for the growth of the plants. It is generally found in hilly areas.

13: How soil is formed?

Answer: The soil is formed by the breaking down of rocks by the action of wind, water and climate. This process is called weathering. There are two different types of weathering. Physical weathering and chemical weathering. Mechanical (physical) weathering is the breakdown of rock into smaller particles due to such factors as freezing and thawing, release of pressure, water absorption, salt crystal formation, land mass uplift, expansion and contraction from the sun or fire, plant root growth, actions of animals, abrasion, or other means that do not directly affect the rock’s chemistry.

Chemical weathering is the dissolution, carbonation, oxidation, or hydrolysis of rock and mineral by chemical means only, mostly from reactions with water or the acids contained in rainwater. Other materials are formed in the process. Warm, tropical climates are ideal environments for chemical weathering to take place as the chemical reactions are quickened by the bountiful rain and warm temperatures.

14: Explain different types of soil found in India

Answer: Following are the different types of soil found in India

Late rite Soils: This typical soil is found in those regions which receive heavy rainfall. This soil is poor in lime content and hence it is more acidic. This soil contains least moisture content. It is basically red in colour because of the presence of iron oxides. It is more popular in the coastal regions of Ratnagiri District and Malabar.

Black Soil: It is black in colour due to presence of salt and large amount of humus. This soil becomes sticky when is wet. It does not contain adequate nitrogen but it contains sufficient phosphorous required for the growth of the plants. It is generally found in hilly areas.Red and Yellow Soils: Red and yellow soils are found in areas, which receive low rainfall. They contain huge concentration of iron oxides that are responsible for giving the reddish or yellow colour.

Alluvial Soils: Alluvial Soils are mainly found in the plains of northern India. These soils have low phosphorous and nitrogen content and found in the north western regions of the country

Mountain Soils: Mountain soils are considered as a significant variety of soil in the Himalayan region of the country. They are mainly found in dry and cold district in the northern region of India.

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Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9 – Soil

Science is a foundational subject for students who would pursue science-oriented streams such as engineering, medical, architecture, and many others. Today’s world is surrounded by a lot of science-oriented developments, so along with academic understanding for passing the exams, the various applications of science would be very important for students to live their regular lives.

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Chapter 9 of Class 7 Science is about “Soil”. The chapter starts by explaining the topic of different soil profiles. Below are the total topics covered in this chapter:

Various layers of soil
Types of soil
Properties and characteristics of soil
Role of moisture in the soil
Soil and crops

Extramarks is a leading online learning platform, trusted by many students and teachers across the country. Students can visit the Extramarks website to access our comprehensive suite of study materials, including NCERT solutions, CBSE sample papers, revision notes, etc. These study notes were created by our team of science expert teachers using the most recent CBSE curriculum.

Class 7 Science starts to become challenging, and the complexity of various chapters requires a proper understanding of concepts and continuous revision. At Extramarks, our team understands the importance of regularly solving exam-oriented questions. Students can refer to our question bank, Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9, which consists of various difficulty-level questions from sources such as NCERT textbooks, exemplar books, past year question papers, reference books, etc.

Solving Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9 allows students to ensure whether they have covered the topic altogether or not. If students have missed something, they can learn it while solving the questions from our Science Class 7 Chapter 9 Important Questions study material.

Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9 – With Solutions

To have a good understanding of various science topics, it’s essential for students to revise and practise solving a lot of questions regularly. Students can refer to the question bank from the Extramarks team. These questions are carefully curated, keeping in mind the CBSE exam and syllabus guidelines. Our expert team of science teachers have prepared step-by-step instructions for all these questions for students to understand the concepts covered in each solution quickly.

An important tip while solving the Chapter 9 Class 7 Science Important Questions is to analyse the format for writing and understanding the concept, which will help them to remember the concept more simply and efficiently.

To get a good exam score, students must practise their writing skills to enhance their understanding during exams and give equal attention to using diagrams and illustrations to score more marks.

Below we have given a few sets of questions from our Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9 for students to get familiar with the nature of questions covered in our question and answer bank.

Question 1. Explain how soil is formed.

Answer 1: The soil is formed by a process called weathering of rocks. Weathering refers to the process of breaking down the soil by many factors which break down huge rocks i.e,. physical breakdown and chemical decomposition of minerals by wind, water, and climatic changes. Weathering of rocks converts big pieces of rock into smaller pieces, eventually forming soil.

Question 2. List the differences between clayey soil and sandy soil.

Question 3 : Explain how soil pollution and soil erosion could be prevented.

Soil pollution can be kept under control by the following measures:

We can reduce soil pollution by reducing the use of plastics, as they take a longer time to decompose, leading the soil to lose its nutrients.
We can control soil pollution by using pesticides and fertilisers in a controlled method.

Soil erosion can be kept under control by taking the following steps:

Planting more trees will result in a reduction in soil erosion as trees help bind the soil particles.
By stopping deforestation and avoiding overgrazing by the cattle.

Question 4 : How can a farmer convert acidic soil to neutral soil?

Answer 4: A farmer can convert acidic soil into neutral soil by adding a small quantity of slaked lime or quicklime to neutralise the acidic nature of the soil.

Question 5: Continuously waterlogged soils are disadvantageous for plant growth. Why?

Answer 5: In waterlogged soil, the air bubble present in between soil particles is accumulated by the water particles, pushing the oxygen out into the atmosphere. The plant’s roots do not get the oxygen required for survival; hence water-logged soils are disadvantageous for plant growth.

Question 6. Gardeners gently dig up the soil around the roots of garden herbs (plants) frequently. Give reasons.

Answer 6: Gardens gently dig soil around the roots of garden herbs for the following reasons:

For easier percolation of water into the soil.
To provide easier growth for the root.
For removing weeds.
For aerating the soil.

Question 7 . Is it good practice to remove grass and small plants that are growing in an open, unused field? Give a reason to support your answer.

Answer 7 : It is not good practice to remove grass and small plants from new fields as the roots of the grass bind loose soil particles, which prevents the washout of the top layer of soil from strong winds. To prevent soil erosion and wash out important nutrients for plant growth and maintain the soil’s nutritional value, the tiny plants and grass shouldn’t be removed from unused fields.

Question 8. What do you mean by the percolation rate of the soil?

Answer 8: The passage of water seeping through the soil is called percolation, and the rate at which water seeps into the soil with respect to time is called the percolation rate of the soil. The highest rate of percolation is in sandy soil, and the lowest percolation rate is found in clayey soil.

Question 9 . What is meant by water retention in the soil?

Answer 9 : The amount of water retained by the soil after percolation is defined as the water retention of the soil. The quantity of water retained by the soil is the water provided to the plants and other organisms living in the soil.

Question 10 . Define soil and various factors affecting the soil.

Answer 10 : The soil is the crust part of the earth. Soil is a heterogeneous mixture of rock particles, minerals and humus. Various factors affect soil structure and composition, including temperature, light, humidity, wind, and rainfall.

Question 11 . Water holding capacity is highest in:

Clayey soil
A mixture of sandy and loamy soil

Answer11 : Clayey soil

Question 12. How is clayey soil useful for crops?

Answer 12: Clayey soil has the property of retaining water, which is extremely helpful in growing crops. The amount of organic material and humus is also greater in clayey soils as crops require a regular water supply to grow. Clayey soil with a low percolation rate and high water holding capacity is ideal for growing crops.

Question 13 . Razia conducted an experiment in the field related to the rate of percolation. She observed that it took 40 min. for 200 mL of water to percolate through the soil sample. Calculate the rate of percolation.

Answer 13: The rate of percolation is the amount of water that seeps into the soil in a given amount of time, for example, 200 ml/400 min = 5 ml/min.

Question 14 . What is the soil profile?

Answer 14 : Various vertical sections present in soil layers are known as soil profiles.

Each layer has its characteristic depth, colour, chemical composition, and texture.

Question 15. What do different soil colours indicate?

Answer 15: The colour of the soil ranges from red to black. The colour of soil depends on the number of minerals and organic materials in the soil. Red soil indicates a high amount of iron, whereas black soil represents a high amount of organic material. The white colour of the soil shows that the soil is bleached of its nutrients.

Question 16: Why is soil erosion relatively less in dense forests as compared to barren, open fields?

Answer 16 : In a dense forest, the thick canopy and the roots of the tree bind soil particles and decrease the effect of rainfall, preventing soil erosion. In open barren lands, the soil is exposed to rainfall, and the soil becomes loose and gets carried away, eroding topsoil and minerals.

Question 17: In towns and cities, generally, bore wells have to be dug very deep to get water as compared to bore wells dug in villages. Give suitable reasons.

Answers 17 : In cities and towns, generally, bore wells should be dug very deep to get water in comparison to bore wells dug in villages. It is so for the following reasons :

(i) Excessive use of water in cities and towns depletes the groundwater levels, resulting in decreased groundwater.

(ii) Cities have asphalted roads, and vast regions of soil are concreted. As a result, rainwater can’t percolate to recharge groundwater, and the groundwater stage addition decreases.

Villages have large regions of open soil floor and fewer asphalted roads, thus allowing the water to percolate into the soil and increase the groundwater level.

Question 18 : Why are earthworms called the farmer’s friends?

Answer 18 : Earthworms are called farmer’s friends as they burrow the soil, thus making the soil more porous. Porosity in the soil helps in the aeration of the soil, thus increasing the plantation of the soil. They also help in managing biodiversity, and they break organic matter into smaller pieces so that plants can take them up. Their casting is also used as fertiliser for the plants.

Benefits of Solving Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9

Science is a conceptual subject. For students to have a strong hold on the subject, they must have a clear understanding of the topic and practise as many questions as possible to enhance their skills. Extramarks are an excellent choice for students desiring to get good grades in exams. Along with Important Questions Class, 7 Science Chapter 9 Extramarks also provides CBSE Revision Notes for complete preparation for exams.

To feel confident in their preparation for taking the exams, students are advised to practise the Important Questions Class 7 Science Questions Chapter 9. The Important Questions Science Questions in Chapter 9 cover all the important topics. These important questions are created from an exam perspective and are more likely to come in the CBSE examination. Solving important questions gives students a competitive advantage.

These are the benefits of studying Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9:

Questions from each topic in the chapter are taken from our question bank. So, while solving the questions, students will get to self-assess their knowledge of various topics in the chapter. So, by solving the questions, students will get to revise everything and cover the entire syllabus.
Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9 is a group of questions created by subject experts exclusively for exams. There is a higher likelihood that some of these questions will be asked on the exam. Thus, it gives students an overview of how questions might appear on their exams and helps them prepare.
Our expert team of Mathematics teachers has prepared step-by-step solutions for each question. It provides a deep understanding of concepts and helps students prepare for their exams in a balanced way.
Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Important Questions consist of different formats of questions, including MCQs, short answers and long answer questions. Students can choose from multiple types based on their exam needs.

Extramarks is one of the leading online learning platforms that offer complete study materials. Students can refer to other study materials available on our Extramarks’ website. Students can click on the links below to access the most relevant resources:

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Q.1 Answer the following questions: i. What do you understand by soil profile? Explain. ii. Write down any two characteristic features of sandy soil.

i. A vertical section through different layers of the soil is called the soil profile. The different layers of soil are horizon A, B, C and D. a. Horizon A – It is the uppermost layer of soil which is darker in colour. It is rich in humus and minerals. Due to the presence of humus, this layer is fertile. In this layer, living organisms such as worms, rodents, moles and beetles are also found. It also contains roots of plants. b. Horizon B – It is the next layer which contains less humus but more minerals. It is harder and compact. c. Horizon C – It is the next layer which contains broken rock pieces. d. Horizon D – It is the bed rock i.e., the rock which gives rise to the soil by disintegration. ii. Characteristic features of sandy soil are as follows: a. The particles of sandy soil are quite large. Their size can vary from 0.05 – 2.0 mm. b. There are large spaces in between the particles of sandy soil. Due to this, sandy soil is well aerated. c. Water can drain quickly through the spaces between the sand particles.

Q.2 Write down the effects of throwing plastic wastes and polythene bags in the soil.

Plastic is made of a chemical compound which can affect the soil in the following manner: 1. Plastic kills the microorganisms present in the soil. 2. Plastic can increase the chemical content of the soil, leading to change in its natural composition.

Q.3 Why do we see a lot of earthworms after rains?

After rains, earthworms are seen in plenty mainly because these earthworms are present inside the soil. When heavy raindrops fall on the soil, the upper part of it moves. As a result, earthworms and other soil organisms come out and are seen more.

Q.4 Answer the following questions: i. Write down the type of soil in which the following crops can be cultivated: a. Gram b. Wheat c. Cotton d. Paddy ii. What are the climatic factors which affect the soil profile and change soil structure?

i. The type of soil required to cultivate the given crops are: a. Gram – Clayey soil b. Wheat – Clayey soil or loamy soil c. Cotton – Sandy loam soil d. Paddy – Clayey soil ii. Soil is affected by climatic factors such as wind, rainfall, temperature, light, and humidity.

Q.5 Nisha took 60 grams of two soil samples A and B, added them into a funnel wrapped with filter paper followed by pouring water into the soil drop by drop. The following are the observations of this experiment:

i. Find out the percentages of water absorbed by soil samples A, B and C. ii. Which soil sample is more suitable for growing paddy crop?

i. Percentage of water absorbed = (u – v)/60 x 100 Soil sample A = 30 – 15/60 x 100 = 25% Soil sample B = 50 – 45/60 x100 = 8.3% Soil sample C = 25 – 3/60 x100 = 36.6% ii. Paddy crop requires soil which can retain water. As per the results of this experiment, soil sample C is more suitable for growing paddy crop.

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Faqs (frequently asked questions), 1. which books to refer to for preparing for class 7 science chapter 9.

Science gradually becomes more challenging as the grade increases. Hence, the books you refer to for preparing to take the exam to play a major role in the quality of your preparation. Books which hold a keen value for preparation during exams are NCERT textbooks and NCERT exemplars. Along with that, students can refer to Extramarks which is a leading educational platform that helps students score good scores in exams. For further preparation, solving CBSE past years’ papers is also important to help get familiar with exam patterns. Extramarks also provides Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9, which students can practise to excel in exams.

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The Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9 provided by Extramarks helps students gain mastery in writing precise and well-formed answers in exams to get a perfect score. The questions

and answers are shortlisted and formed by professionals to aid students in having conceptual knowledge. The solutions to these questions are concise and adhere to the CBSE syllabus and NCERT. Hence, excellent support to score good marks. These solutions must be used by the students along with NCERT solutions and NCERT exemplar solutions by Extramarks to help them understand the concept better and get good marks.

3. Where can a student easily find Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9?

Students can register with Extramarks by visiting the Extramarks website to gain access to all the important questions of class 7, including Important Questions Class 7 Chapter 9 Science. These important questions cover the entire chapter and the NCERT syllabus, helping students have knowledge of the whole chapter.

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NCERT Exemplar
NCERT Exemplar Class 7
Class 7 Science
Chapter 9 Soil

NCERT Exemplar Solutions Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil

NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil help you in clearing all the fundamental concepts covered in the NCERT Class 7 Science textbook. By practising the solutions, students get a chance to get familiar with the methodology to solve questions of varying difficulty.

NCERT Exemplar for Class 7 Science covers different types of questions, such as MCQs, match the following, fill in the blanks, puzzles, diagram labelling questions, and descriptive type questions. These questions and their answers will aid students in gaining in-depth knowledge on the topic of Soil.

Download the PDF of NCERT Exemplar for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 – Soil

NCERT Exemplar solution class 7 science Chapter 9 1

Importance of NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil

These exemplar solutions cover questions on layers of soil, types of soil, the role of soil, agricultural practices that aid soil health, water absorption of soil, along with day-to-day importance of soil. This exemplar has answers to 4 MCQs and their explanations, answers to 4 very short answering questions, 7 short answer questions, and answers to 5 long answer questions.

Topics Covered in NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil

9.1 – Soil Teeming with Life

9.2 – Soil Profile

9.3 – Soil Types

9.4 – Properties of Soil

9.5 – Moisture in Soil

9.6 – Absorption of Water by Soil

9.7 – Soil and Crops.

Access Answers to NCERT Exemplar for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 – Soil

Multiple-choice questions.

1. The microorganisms present in the soil require moisture (water) and nutrients for growth and survival. Choose from the options below the habitat (place) where the soil has plenty of water and nutrients.

(d) Cricket ground

The answer is (b) Forest

Explanation:

In forests, there will be a lot of trees which hold the soil and prevents soil from erosion. Humus makes the soil fertile and provides nutrients to plants and microorganisms. Trees also absorb a lot of water from rainwater which keeps the soil moist and provides moisture for the growth of microorganisms.

2. Availability of water and minerals in the soil for maximum absorption by roots is in the –

(a) B-horizon

(b) C-horizon

(d) surface of soil

The answer is (c) A-horizon

A horizon has topsoil, which is porous and soft, which helps in the absorption and retaining of water.

3. Soil conservation measures are mainly aimed at protecting which of the following?

(b) Topsoil

(d) Soil organisms

The answer is (b) Topsoil

Topsoil is rich in humus and consists of decaying remains of plants and animals. Humus improves the texture of the soil and provides nutrients for plant growth. So, it is the most fertile region and soil conservation measures are mainly aimed at protecting topsoil. If topsoil is protected or conserved, then subsoil is also conserved as it lies below the topsoil.

4. Read the following statements with reference to the soil.

Weathering is a very fast process of soil formation.
Percolation of water is faster in sandy soils.
Loamy soil contains only sand and clay.
Topsoil contains the maximum amount of humus.

Choose the correct statements from the above.

(a) (ii) and (iv)

(b) (i) and (iii)

(d) (i) and (ii)

Answer is (a) (ii) and (iv)

Soil formation by the withering of rock is a slow process that takes years. Hence option a) is wrong. Loamy soil is a mixture of sand, silt and humus hence option c is wrong.

Very Short Answer Questions

5. The soil has particles of different sizes. Arrange the words given below in increasing order of their particle size.

NCERT Exemplar Solutions Class 7 Science Chapter 9-sol-1

Rock > Gravel > Sand > Silt > Clay

6. The components of loamy soil are ______, ______ and ______.

Sand, Silt, Clay

7. Read the following statements and give the appropriate terms for each of them.

(a) The process of breakdown of rocks by the action of wind, water, and sunlight.

(b) Removal of topsoil during heavy rains or strong winds.

(d) The process of movement of water into deeper layers of soil.

(a) Weathering

(b) Erosion

(d) Percolation

8. Unscramble the following jumbled words related to soil.

NCERT Exemplar Solutions Class 7 Science Chapter 9-sol-2

(b) Soil Profile

(e) Weathering

(f) Percolation

Short Answer Questions

9. Which of the following situations – ‘A’ or ‘B’ – is advantageous for the absorption of water and minerals? Why?

Situation ‘A’: Growth and branching of roots in the C-horizon.

Situation ‘B’: Growth and branching of roots in A and B horizons.

Situation ‘B’ is advantageous to plants because horizons A and B are rich in water, minerals and humus.

10. How can a farmer convert acidic soil to neutral soil?

A farmer can convert acidic soil to neutral soil by adding a small quantity of quick lime or slaked lime solution to the soil.

11. Is it a good practice to remove grass and small plants that are growing in an open, unused field? Give a reason to support your answer.

No, It is not a good practice because plants cover the soil surface, and their roots bind the soil particles to hold them firmly. This prevents the washout of the top layer of soil from strong winds and rains.

12. A man digging a pit found that he could dig with ease initially, but digging became difficult as he went deeper. He could not dig beyond a depth of 5 feet. Provide a suitable scientific explanation.

The top layer of soil is loose and easy to dig, as he went down, deep soil consists of weathered rocks, which makes digging difficult.

13. Locate the following zones given as boxed items in Figure 9.1 which shows a diagram of the soil profile.

NCERT Exemplar Solutions Class 7 Science Chapter 9-sol-3

14. Rajasthan is a desert state in India. Once while travelling to Rajasthan by train, Boojho observed several streams and rivulets of rainwater during the journey, but to his surprise, he did not see streams of water in the desert region even during rains. Help Boojho find a suitable explanation for this.

Deserts are filled with stretches of sand. When rain falls, rainwater percolates immediately. Hence water streams are not found in deserts.

15. Match the animals in Column I with their natural place of dwelling (habitat) in Column II.

Long Answer Questions

16. Continuously water-logged soils are disadvantageous for plant growth. Why?

Roots possess living cells that require oxygen for respiration and production of energy. These living cells absorb oxygen that is present in the spaces between soil particles. But in waterlogged soils, water occupies the spaces between soil particles and pushes the oxygen out into the atmosphere. Thus, roots are deprived of oxygen, and this affects root and plant growth.

17. Why is soil erosion relatively less in dense forests as compared to barren, open fields?

In dense forests, the tree cover (canopy) prevents rainwater from directly falling on the ground/soil. Also, the roots of the vegetation bind the soil particles and hold them together. As a result, soil erosion is minimised.

But in barren open fields, the soil is exposed to falling rain. The soil particles become loose due to the impact of raindrops, and the flow of water carries them away. The flowing water further erodes the soil surface aggravating erosion.

18. Gardeners gently dig up the soil around the roots of garden herbs (plants) frequently. Give reasons.

Gardeners gently dig up the soil around the roots of garden herbs for the following reasons

(a) For enabling easy root growth;

(b) For easier percolation of water;

(d) For removing the weeds.

19. In towns and cities, generally, bore wells have to be dug very deep to get water as compared to bore wells dug in villages. Give suitable reasons.

In towns and cities, generally, bore wells have to be dug very deep to get water as compared to bore wells dug in villages. It is so because of the following reasons :

(i) Excessive use of water in towns and cities depletes the groundwater.

(ii) Towns and cities have asphalted roads, and vast areas of soil are concreted. As a result, rainwater cannot percolate to recharge groundwater, and the groundwater level further decreases. Villages have larger areas of open soil surface and fewer asphalted roads and concrete surfaces. Thus, larger soil surface area is available for rainwater to percolate into the soil easily and recharge the groundwater. As a result, even shallow bore wells yield water in the village.

20. Several terms related to soil are hidden in the squares given as Figure 9.2. Spot them and make a list. Two examples are given to you.

NCERT Exemplar Solutions Class 7 Science Chapter 9-sol-5

BYJU’S is India’s largest online education provider, with the country’s top teachers on its board. BYJU’S provides NCERT solutions, previous years’ question papers, sample papers, and notes. To get free access to all the study materials we provide, log on to BYJU’S website or download BYJU’S – The Learning App.

Frequently Asked Questions NCERT Exemplar for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil

How can a farmer convert acidic soil to neutral soil, is it a good practice to remove grass and small plants that are growing in an open, unused field give a reason to support your answer..

No, it is not a good practice because plants cover the soil surface, and their roots bind the soil particles to hold them firmly. This prevents the washout of the top layer of soil from strong winds and rains.

A man digging a pit found that he could dig with ease initially, but digging became difficult as he went deeper. He could not dig beyond a depth of 5 feet. Provide a suitable scientific explanation.

Continuously water-logged soils are disadvantageous for plant growth. why.

Roots possess living cells that require oxygen for respiration and the production of energy. These living cells absorb oxygen that is present in the spaces between soil particles. But in waterlogged soils, water occupies the spaces between soil particles and pushes the oxygen out into the atmosphere. Thus, roots are deprived of oxygen, and this affects root and plant growth.

Why is soil erosion relatively less in dense forests as compared to barren, open fields?

Gardeners gently dig up the soil around the roots of garden herbs (plants) frequently. give reasons..

Gardeners gently dig up the soil around the roots of garden herbs for the following reasons:

(a) For enabling easy root growth

(b) For easier percolation of water

(d) For removing the weeds

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil

Chapter 9 Soil Class 7 Science NCERT Solutions

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Assertion Reason Questions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil

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[Download] Assertion Reason Questions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil

Here we are providing assertion reason questions for Chapter 9 Soil.

Directions:

The question below consists of an assertion and a Reason. Use the following key to choose the appropriate answer. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true.

Q1. Assertion (A): The process of breaking down of rocks by the action of wind, water and climate is called weathering. Reason (R) : Weather of a place is same as its climate

Q2. Assertion (A): The uppermost horizon is dark in colour. Reason (R): The uppermost horizon is called top soil.

Q3. Assertion (A): Different types of soil are needed to cultivate different types of crops. Reason (R): Clayey soil is used to make statues.

Q4. Assertion (A): Middle layer of the soil is harder and more compact. Reason (R): The layer below middle layer is called bed rock.

Q5. Assertion (A): Soils can be classified on the basis of proportions of particles of various sizes present in them. Reason (R): In loamy soil, the proportion of large and fine particles is almost same.

What is Assertion Reason Questions?

Assertion Reason questions are a specific type of question format commonly used in academic assessments, particularly in science and logical reasoning subjects. These questions consist of two statements: an Assertion and a Reason. The task of the test-taker is to evaluate the relationship between the two statements and determine their combined accuracy.

Here’s a breakdown of the structure of an Assertion Reason question:

Assertion: The Assertion is a statement presented as a fact or claim. It may be true or false, and it is typically written in a straightforward manner.
Reason: The Reason is a statement that provides an explanation or justification for the Assertion. It can support or challenge the Assertion, depending on the accuracy of the Reasoning provided.
Options: Multiple options are typically provided alongside the Assertion Reason pair. The test-taker must choose the correct option that reflects the logical relationship between the Assertion and the Reason.

The possible options typically include:

a) If both the Assertion and the Reason are true, and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.

b) If both the Assertion and the Reason are true, but the Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.

c) If the Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.

d) If the Assertion is false, but the Reason is true.

e) If both the Assertion and the Reason are false.

To answer Assertion Reason questions correctly, the test-taker needs to analyze the accuracy and logical connection between the two statements. It requires critical thinking, reasoning abilities, and a thorough understanding of the subject matter.

It is important to note that Assertion Reason questions can be challenging, as the test-taker needs to evaluate both statements independently and then determine the relationship between them. Careful reading, logical reasoning, and knowledge of the subject are essential for accurately answering such questions.

Importance of Practicing Assertion Reason Questions for Class 7 Science

Practicing Assertion Reason questions for Class 8 Maths offers several benefits to students. Here are some reasons why it is important:

Develops critical thinking skills: Assertion Reason questions require students to critically analyze and evaluate the relationship between the Assertion and the Reason. By practicing these types of questions, students develop their critical thinking skills and learn to assess the validity and logical connection between statements.
Enhances problem-solving abilities: Assertion Reason questions often involve complex problem-solving scenarios. By practicing these questions, students strengthen their problem-solving abilities, as they are required to apply mathematical concepts, reasoning, and logical deduction to determine the accuracy of the statements.
Encourages deeper understanding: Assertion Reason questions promote a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts. Students need to evaluate the logic and reasoning behind the statements, which helps them grasp the underlying principles and connections between different mathematical ideas.
Tests conceptual clarity: Assertion Reason questions provide an opportunity to assess students’ conceptual clarity. By encountering these questions, students can identify any gaps in their understanding of specific mathematical concepts. They can then address these gaps and seek clarification to improve their knowledge and comprehension.
Prepares for competitive exams: Many competitive exams, including scholarship exams, Olympiads, and entrance exams, include Assertion Reason questions in their question papers. By practicing these questions in Class 8, students can develop familiarity with the format and learn how to approach such questions effectively, thus preparing themselves for future exams.
Enhances logical reasoning skills: Assertion Reason questions require students to evaluate the logical relationship between statements. Through practice, students enhance their logical reasoning skills and become more adept at identifying valid and invalid reasoning.
Improves exam readiness: Regular practice of Assertion Reason questions prepares students for the format and style of questions they may encounter in exams. It familiarizes them with the task of evaluating statements and choosing the correct option, helping them feel more confident and comfortable during assessments.
Promotes comprehensive learning: Practicing Assertion Reason questions encourages comprehensive learning. Students are prompted to consider different aspects of a concept, analyze its various components, and evaluate the relationship between them. This holistic approach fosters a deeper understanding of the subject matter.
Sharpens analytical skills: Assertion Reason questions require students to analyze and evaluate the given statements. By practicing these questions, students develop their analytical skills, including the ability to break down complex problems, identify relevant information, and make logical deductions.
Reinforces exam time management: Assertion Reason questions often require careful evaluation, which can take time. By practicing these questions, students become better at managing their time during exams, learning to allocate appropriate time to read and analyze the statements, and make informed choices within the given time frame.

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ICSE Important Figure Based Questions Class 9 Physics Exams
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SOLUTION: Soil class 7 mcqs questions with answers
Soil Class 7 MCQ Questions With Answers CBSE
Soil Class 7 MCQ Online Test With Answers Questions
Soil Class 7 Extra Questions and Answers Science Chapter 9
Soil Class 7 Science Notes And Questions Download PDF
Online Education for Soil Class 7 Extra Questions and Answers Science

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Soil
7th Class
Soil
Class 7
biology practical class 12th experiment no.5 study of soil samples at least form two different
NCERT for UPSC & State PCS Exams

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Case Study Questions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil
Jul 22, 2023 · [Download] Case Study Questions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil Here we are providing case study or passage-based questions for class 7 science chapter 9 Soil. Case Study/Passage Based Questions Passage-1 The chemical substances which are rich from nutrients and used to maintain soil fertility are called fertilizers. They also produce harmful effects. They … Continue reading Case Study ...
Soil Class 7 Extra Questions Science Chapter 9 - Learn CBSE
Jun 10, 2019 · For aerating the soil enabling air to get into deeper layers of soil. For removing the weeds. Soil Class 7 Science Extra Questions Long Answer Type Questions. Question 1. Explain through an activity that soil has moisture in it. Answer: Take a plastic funnel and a filter paper. Fold the filter paper and place it in a plastic funnel.
Extra Questions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil - Study Path
Extra questions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil with answers is given below. Our subject expert prepared these solutions as per the latest NCERT textbook. These questions will be helpful to revise the all topics and concepts. CBSE Class 7 extra questions are the most simple and conceptual questions that are prepared by subject experts for ...
Class 7 Science Chapter 7 | Soil | Extra Questions - NCERT ...
Jun 30, 2021 · Here are expected questions from NCERT Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil. 1. What provides anchorage to the plants and supplies water and nutrients? Soil 2. What are the uses of soil? Soil is...
Soil Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9 - Study Path
Soil Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Important Questions and Answers are provided here. We prepared these extra questions based on the latest NCERT Class 7 Science Book. These important questions will help you to properly understand a particular concept of the chapter. Practicing class 7 important questions before the exam will help you to get ...
Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9 - Soil - Extramarks
Solving Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9 allows students to ensure whether they have covered the topic altogether or not. If students have missed something, they can learn it while solving the questions from our Science Class 7 Chapter 9 Important Questions study material. Important Questions Class 7 Science Chapter 9 – With ...
NCERT Exemplar Solutions Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil - BYJU'S
This exemplar has answers to 4 MCQs and their explanations, answers to 4 very short answering questions, 7 short answer questions, and answers to 5 long answer questions. Topics Covered in NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil. 9.1 – Soil Teeming with Life. 9.2 – Soil Profile. 9.3 – Soil Types. 9.4 – Properties of Soil
Soil Class 7 Extra Questions and Answers Science Chapter 9
Sep 8, 2020 · Sandy soil. Question 17. What is soil? Answer: The uppermost layer of the earth’s crust in which plants grow is called soil. Question 18. What is soil erosion? Answer: The removal of top soil by the action of water and wind is called soil erosion. Soil Class 7 Extra Questions Short Answer Type. Question 1. Write four important properties of ...
NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil
Jun 29, 2021 · Chapter 9 Soil Class 7 Science NCERT Questions and Answers is very challenging to score good marks in tests that is why we have prepared NCERT Solutions. Through these NCERT Solutions for Chapter 9 Soil Class 7 Science , students should not waste time and adopt a strategy that helps them operate and learn at maximum efficiency.
Assertion Reason Questions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil
Jul 12, 2023 · [Download] Assertion Reason Questions for Class 7 Science Chapter 9 Soil. Here we are providing assertion reason questions for Chapter 9 Soil. Directions: The question below consists of an assertion and a Reason. Use the following key to choose the appropriate answer. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.